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A guide to the theory and recent development in the medical use of antenna technologyAntenna and Sensor Technologies in Modern Medical Applications offers a comprehensive review of the theoretical background, design, and the latest developments in the application of antenna technology. Written by two experts in the field, the book presents the most recent research in the burgeoning field of wireless medical telemetry and sensing that covers both wearable and implantable antenna and sensor technologies.The authors review the integrated devices that include various types of sensors wired within a wearable garment that can be paired with external devices. The text covers important developments in sensor-integrated clothing that are synonymous with athletic apparel with built-in electronics. Information on implantable devices is also covered. The book explores technologies that utilize both inductive coupling and far field propagation. These include minimally invasive microwave ablation antennas, wireless targeted drug delivery, and much more. This important book:* Covers recent developments in wireless medical telemetry* Reviews the theory and design of in vitro/in vivo testing* Explores emerging technologies in 2D and 3D printing of antenna/sensor fabrication* Includes a chapter with an annotated list of the most comprehensive and important references in the fieldWritten for students of engineering and antenna and sensor engineers, Antenna and Sensor Technologies in Modern Medical Applications is an essential guide to understanding human body interaction with antennas and sensors.

Discover the art and science of designing, building, and installing DC microgrid systems with this authoritative resourceIntroduction to DC Microgrids delivers a comprehensive and concise introduction to the fundamentals of DC microgrid technology. Beginning with the basic concepts of DC systems and their various constituents, the book moves on to a variety of DC architectures and voltage levels of DC microgrid systems. Typical examples, use cases, and applications round out the material to form a practical and accessible resource ideal for students, professionals, and enthusiasts.Accomplished engineers and authors, Vivek Agarwal and Prajof Prabhakaran, offer readers solved numerical examples in every chapter to shore up the theoretical concepts presented. They also discuss different types of power converters used in several roles in DC microgrid systems and common issues faced by those who install and use them.Introduction to DC Microgrids makes a compelling case for the merits of using DC microgrids over AC solutions and includes usable techniques to determine optimal placement of loads and sources. You'll also learn from:* A complete introduction to DC microgrid systems with discussions of a variety of reported architectures and voltage levels* A fulsome description of power electronic converters in DC microgrid systems with simulation and experimental results of several different converters* An explanation of DC microgrid control methods, including novel control techniques to minimize voltage regulation and improve load sharing accuracy* A treatment of power quality and protection of DC microgrids, including a discussion of how to mitigate voltage fluctuation and harmonic issuesPerfect for doctoral, graduate, and senior undergraduate students in electrical engineering and related programs, Introduction to DC Microgrids also has a place on the bookshelves of diploma students, technicians who install and implement microgrid systems in the field, and industrial professionals interested in electrical sustainability projects.

Optimize your dynamic spectrum access approach using the latest applications and techniquesDynamic Spectrum Access Decisions: Local, Distributed, Centralized and Hybrid Designs prepares engineers to build optimum communications systems by describing at the outset what type of spectrum sensing capabilities are needed. Meant for anyone who has a basic understanding of wireless communications and networks and an interest in the physical and MAC layers of communication systems, this book has a tremendous range of civilian and military applications.Dynamic Spectrum Access Decisions provides fulsome discussions of cognitive radios and networks, but also DSA technologies that operate outside the context of cognitive radios. DSA has applications in:* Licensed spectrum bands* Unlicensed spectrum bands* Civilian communications* Military communicationsConsisting of a set of techniques derived from network information theory and game theory, DSA improves the performance of communications networks. This book addresses advanced topics in this area and assumes basic knowledge of wireless communications.

Frequency Variations in Power Systems: Modeling, State Estimation and Control presents the Frequency Divider Formula (FDF); a unique approach that defines, calculates and estimates the frequency in electrical energy systems. This authoritative book is written by two noted researchers on the topic. They define the meaning of frequency of an electrical quantity (such as voltage and current) in non-stationary conditions (for example the frequency is not equal to the nominal one) and pose the foundation of the frequency divider formula. The book describes the consequences of using a variable frequency in power system modelling and simulations, in state estimation and frequency control applications.In addition, the authors include a discussion on the applications of the frequency divider in systems where part of the generation is not based on synchronous machines, but rather on converter-interfaced energy resources, such as wind and solar power plants. This important book:* Offers a review that clearly defines and shows how the Frequency Divider Formula can be applied* Discusses the link between frequency and energy in power systems* Presents a unified vision that accurately reveals the common thread that links modelling, control and estimation* Includes information on the many implications that "local frequency variations" have on power system dynamics and control* Contains several numerical examplesWritten for researchers, academic staff members, students, specialised consultants and professional software developers, Frequency Variations in Power Systems questions the conventional transient stability model of power system and proposes a new formulation.

A hands-on introduction to advanced applications of power system transients with practical examplesTransient Analysis of Power Systems: A Practical Approach offers an authoritative guide to the traditional capabilities and the new software and hardware approaches that can be used to carry out transient studies and make possible new and more complex research. The book explores a wide range of topics from an introduction to the subject to a review of the many advanced applications, involving the creation of custom-made models and tools and the application of multicore environments for advanced studies.The authors cover the general aspects of the transient analysis such as modelling guidelines, solution techniques and capabilities of a transient tool. The book also explores the usual application of a transient tool including over-voltages, power quality studies and simulation of power electronics devices. In addition, it contains an introduction to the transient analysis using the ATP. All the studies are supported by practical examples and simulation results. This important book:* Summarises modelling guidelines and solution techniques used in transient analysis of power systems* Provides a collection of practical examples with a detailed introduction and a discussion of results* Includes a collection of case studies that illustrate how a simulation tool can be used for building environments that can be applied to both analysis and design of power systems* Offers guidelines for building custom-made models and libraries of modules, supported by some practical examples* Facilitates application of a transients tool to fields hardly covered with other time-domain simulation tools* Includes a companion website with data (input) files of examples presented, case studies and power point presentations used to support cases studiesWritten for EMTP users, electrical engineers, Transient Analysis of Power Systems is a hands-on and practical guide to advanced applications of power system transients that includes a range of practical examples.

Power systems worldwide are going through a paradigm shift from centralized generation to distributed generation. This book presents the SYNDEM (i.e., synchronized and democratized) grid architecture and its technical routes to harmonize the integration of renewable energy sources, electric vehicles, storage systems, and flexible loads, with the synchronization mechanism of synchronous machines, to enable autonomous operation of power systems, and to promote energy freedom. This is a game changer for the grid. It is the sort of breakthrough -- like the touch screen in smart phones -- that helps to push an industry from one era to the next, as reported by Keith Schneider, a New York Times correspondent since 1982. This book contains an introductory chapter and additional 24 chapters in five parts: Theoretical Framework, First-Generation VSM (virtual synchronous machines), Second-Generation VSM, Third-Generation VSM, and Case Studies. Most of the chapters include experimental results.As the first book of its kind for power electronics-enabled autonomous power systems, it* introduces a holistic architecture applicable to both large and small power systems, including aircraft power systems, ship power systems, microgrids, and supergrids* provides latest research to address the unprecedented challenges faced by power systems and to enhance grid stability, reliability, security, resiliency, and sustainability* demonstrates how future power systems achieve harmonious interaction, prevent local faults from cascading into wide-area blackouts, and operate autonomously with minimized cyber-attacks* highlights the significance of the SYNDEM concept for power systems and beyondPower Electronics-Enabled Autonomous Power Systems is an excellent book for researchers, engineers, and students involved in energy and power systems, electrical and control engineering, and power electronics. The SYNDEM theoretical framework chapter is also suitable for policy makers, legislators, entrepreneurs, commissioners of utility commissions, energy and environmental agency staff, utility personnel, investors, consultants, and attorneys.

Radio frequency components and circuits form the backbone of mobile and satellite communications networks. Consequently, practicing and aspiring industry professionals need to be able to solve more complex problems of RF design. This resource is useful for RF system design professionals.

Discover a comprehensive exploration of recent developments and fundamental concepts in the applications of metasurfaces.In Electromagnetic Metasurfaces: Theory and Applications, distinguished researchers and authors Karim Achouri and Christophe Caloz deliver an introduction to the fundamentals and applications of metasurfaces and an insightful analysis of recent and future developments in the field. The book describes the precursors and history of metasurfaces before continuing on to an exploration of the physical insights that can be gleaned from the material parameters of the metasurface.You'll learn how to compute the fields scattered by a metasurface with known material parameters being illuminated by an arbitrary incident field, as well as how to realize a practical metasurface and relate its material parameters to its physical structures. The authors provide examples to illustrate all the concepts discussed in the book to improve and simplify reader understanding.Electromagnetic Metasurfaces concludes with an incisive discussion of the likely future directions and research opportunities in the field.Readers will also benefit from the inclusion of:* A thorough introduction to metamaterials, the concept of metasurfaces, and metasurface precursors* An exploration of electromagnetic modeling and theory, including metasurfaces as zero-thickness sheets and bianisotropic susceptibility tensors* A practical discussion of susceptibility synthesis, including four-parameters synthesis, more than four-parameters synthesis, and the addition of susceptibility components* A concise treatment of scattered-field analysis, including approximate analytical methods, and finite-difference frequency-domain techniquesPerfect for researchers in metamaterial sciences and engineers working with microwave, THz, and optical technologies, Electromagnetic Metasurfaces: Theory and Applications will also earn a place in the libraries of graduate and undergraduate students in physics and electrical engineering.

Presents an overview of CubeSat antennas designed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL)CubeSats--nanosatellites built to standard dimensions of 10cm x 10 cm x cm--are making space-based Earth science observation and interplanetary space science affordable, accessible, and rapidly deployable for institutions such as universities and smaller space agencies around the world. CubeSat Antenna Design is an up-to-date overview of CubeSat antennas designed at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), covering the systems engineering knowledge required to design these antennas from a radio frequency and mechanical perspective.This authoritative volume features contributions by leading experts in the field, providing insights on mission-critical design requirements for state-of-the-art CubeSat antennas and discussing their development, capabilities, and applications. The text begins with a brief introduction to CubeSats, followed by a detailed survey of low-gain, medium-gain, and high-gain antennas. Subsequent chapters cover topics including the telecommunication subsystem of Mars Cube One (MarCO), the enabling technology of Radar in a CubeSat (RainCube), the development of a one-meter mesh reflector for telecommunication at X- and Ka-band for deep space missions, and the design of multiple metasurface antennas. Written to help antenna engineers to enable new CubeSate NASA missions, this volume:* Describes the selection of high-gain CubeSat antennas to address specific mission requirements and constraints for instruments or telecommunication* Helps readers learn how to develop antennas for future CubeSat missions* Provides key information on the effect of space environment on antennas to inform design steps* Covers patch and patch array antennas, deployable reflectarray antennas, deployable mesh reflector, inflatable antennas, and metasurface antennasCubeSat Antenna Design is an important resource for antenna/microwave engineers, aerospace systems engineers, and advanced graduate and postdoctoral students wanting to learn how to design and fabricate their own antennas to address clear mission requirements.

Provides the understanding and practical skills needed to develop and maintain an effective ESD control program for manufacturing, storage, and handling of ESD sensitive componentsThis essential guide to ESD control programs explains the principles and practice of ESD control in an easily accessible way whilst also providing more depth and a wealth of references for those who want to gain a deeper knowledge of the subject. It describes static electricity and ESD principles such as triboelectrification, electrostatic fields, and induced voltages, with the minimum of theory or mathematics. It is designed for the reader to "dip into" as required, rather than need to read cover to cover.The ESD Control Program Handbook begins with definitions and commonly used terminology, followed by the principles of static electricity and ESD control. Chapter 3 discusses ESD susceptible electronic devices, and how ESD susceptibility of a component is measured. This is followed by the "Seven habits of a highly effective ESD program", explaining the essential activities of an effective ESD control program. While most texts mainly address manual handling of ESD susceptible devices, Chapter 5 extends the discussion to ESD control in automated systems, processes and handling, which form a major part of modern electronic manufacture.Chapter 6 deals with requirements for compliance given by the IEC 61340-5-1 and ANSI/ESD S20.20 ESD control standards.Chapter 7 gives an overview of the selection, use, care and maintenance of equipment and furniture commonly used to control ESD risks. The chapter explains how these often work together as part of a system and must be specified with that in mind.ESD protective packaging is available in an extraordinary range of forms from bags, boxes and bubble wrap to tape and reel packaging for automated processes. The principles and practice of this widely misunderstood area of ESD control are introduced in Chapter 8. The thorny question of how to evaluate an ESD control program is addressed in Chapter 9 with a goal of compliance with a standard as well as effective control of ESD risks and possible customer perceptions.Whilst evaluating an existing ESD control program provides challenges, developing an ESD control program from scratch provides others. Chapter 10 gives an approach to this.Standard test methods used in compliance with ESD control standards are explained and simple test procedures given in Chapter 11.ESD Training has long been recognised as essential in maintaining effective ESD control. Chapter 12 discusses ways of covering essential topics and how to demonstrate static electricity in action. The book ends with a look at where ESD control may go in the near future.The ESD Control Program Handbook:* Gives readers a sound understanding of the subject to analyze the ESD control requirements of manufacturing processes, and develop an effective ESD control program* Provides practical knowledge, as well as sufficient theory and background to understand the principles of ESD control* Teaches how to track and identify how ESD risks arise, and how to identify fitting means for minimizing or eliminating them* Emphasizes working with modern ESD control program standards IEC 61340-5-1 and ESD S20:20The ESD Control Program Handbook is an invaluable reference for anyone tasked with setting up, evaluating, or maintaining an effective ESD control program, training personnel, or making ESD control related measurements. It would form an excellent basis for a University course on the subject as well as a guide and resource for industry professionals.

This book looks at the recent progress of research and development for 5G mobile wireless networks, covering related topics on fundamental 5G requirements and enabling technologies.

Building on the success of the previous three editions, Foundations for Microstrip Circuit Design offers extensive new, updated and revised material based upon the latest research.

Overviews operation, design, control and grid integration of photovoltaic energy Photovoltaic (PV) technology is one of the fastest growing energy technologies in the world, with the potential to become the most important renewable energy technology globally.

Consolidating key theories, concepts, and important developments in JSCC into one accessible source, Joint Source-Channel Coding provides researchers, engineers, and students with an indispensable resource on a key area of performance enhancement for communications networks.

This book tells you how to meet people's expectations with quality planning, software quality, automation, execution, validation, verification, measurement and analysis, and support. It is divided into four major parts: Part I introduces all the major topics and covers quality planning. Part II is devoted to software testing topics.

LEARN MORE ABOUT FOUNDATIONAL AND ADVANCED TOPICS IN INTERNET OF THINGS TECHNOLOGY WITH THIS ALL-IN-ONE GUIDEEnabling the Internet of Things: Fundamentals, Design, and Applications delivers a comprehensive starting point for anyone hoping to understand the fundamentals and design of Internet of Things (IoT) systems. The book's distinguished academics and authors offer readers an opportunity to understand IoT concepts via programming in an abstract way. Readers will learn about IoT fundamentals, hardware and software components, IoT protocol stacks, security, IoT applications and implementations, as well as the challenges, and potential solutions, that lie ahead.Readers will learn about the social aspects of IoT systems, as well as receive an introduction to the Blockly Programming Language, IoT Microcontrollers, IoT Microprocessors, systems on a chip and IoT Gateway Architecture. The book also provides implementation of simple code examples in Packet Tracer, increasing the usefulness and practicality of the book. Enabling the Internet of Things examines a wide variety of other essential topics, including:* The fundamentals of IoT, including its evolution, distinctions, definitions, vision, enabling technologies, and building blocks* An elaboration of the sensing principles of IoT and the essentials of wireless sensor networks* A detailed examination of the IoT protocol stack for communications* An analysis of the security challenges and threats faced by users of IoT devices, as well as the countermeasures that can be used to fight them, from the perception layer to the application layerPerfect as a supplementary text for undergraduate students taking computer science or electrical engineering courses, Enabling the Internet of Things also belongs on the bookshelves of industry professionals and researchers who regularly work with and on the Internet of Things and who seek a better understanding of its foundational and advanced topics.

A cutting-edge, advanced level, exploration of optical sensing application in power transformersOptical Sensing in Power Transformers is filled with the critical information and knowledge on the optical techniques applied in power transformers, which are important and expensive components in the electric power system. Effective monitoring of systems has proven to decrease the transformer lifecycle cost and increase a high level of availability and reliability. It is commonly held that optical sensing techniques will play an increasingly significant role in online monitoring of power transformers.In this comprehensive text, the authors--noted experts on the topic--present a scholarly review of the various cutting-edge optical principles and methodologies adopted for online monitoring of power transformers. Grounded in the authors' extensive research, the book examines optical techniques and high-voltage equipment testing and provides the foundation for further application, prototype, and manufacturing. The book explores the principles, installation, operation, condition detection, monitoring, and fault diagnosis of power transformers. This important text:* Provides a current exploration of optical sensing application in power transformers* Examines the critical balance and pros and cons of cost and quality of various optical condition monitoring techniques* Presents a wide selection of techniques with appropriate technical background* Extends the vision of condition monitoring testing and analysis* Treats condition monitoring testing and analysis tools together in a coherent frameworkWritten for researchers, technical research and development personnel, manufacturers, and frontline engineers, Optical Sensing in Power Transformers offers an up-to-date review of the most recent developments of optical sensing application in power transformers.

Discover the foundations and nuances of electrical connectors in this comprehensive and insightful resourceElectrical Connectors: Design, Manufacture, Test, and Selection delivers a comprehensive discussion of electrical connectors, from the components and materials that comprise them to their classifications and underwater, power, and high-speed signal applications. Accomplished engineer and author Michael G. Pecht offers readers a thorough explanation of the key performance and reliability concerns and trade-offs involved in electrical connector selection.Readers, both at introductory and advanced levels, will discover the latest industry standards for performance, reliability, and safety assurance. The book discusses everything a student or practicing engineer might require to design, manufacture, or select a connector for any targeted application. The science of contact physics, contact finishes, housing materials, and the full connector assembly process are all discussed at length, as are test methods, performance, and guidelines for various applications.Electrical Connectors covers a wide variety of other relevant and current topics, like:* A comprehensive description of all electrical connectors, including their materials, components, applications, and classifications* A discussion of the design and manufacture of all parts of a connector* Application-specific criteria for contact resistance, signal quality, and temperature rise* An examination of key suppliers, materials used, and the different types of data provided* A presentation of guidelines for end-users involved in connector selection and designPerfect for connector manufacturers who select, design, and assemble connectors for their products or the end users who concern themselves with operational reliability of the system in which they're installed, Electrical Connectors also belongs on the bookshelves of students learning the basics of electrical contacts and those who seek a general reference with best-practice advice on how to choose and test connectors for targeted applications.

Introduces the topic of cloud computing with an emphasis on the trustworthiness of cloud computing systems and services This book describes the scientific basis of cloud computing, explaining the ideas, principles, and architectures of cloud computing as well the different types of clouds and the services they provide.

A comprehensive, step-by-step reference to the Nyström Method for solving Electromagnetic problems using integral equationsComputational electromagnetics studies the numerical methods or techniques that solve electromagnetic problems by computer programming. Currently, there are mainly three numerical methods for electromagnetic problems: the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD), finite element method (FEM), and integral equation methods (IEMs). In the IEMs, the method of moments (MoM) is the most widely used method, but much attention is being paid to the Nyström method as another IEM, because it possesses some unique merits which the MoM lacks. This book focuses on that method--providing information on everything that students and professionals working in the field need to know.Written by the top researchers in electromagnetics, this complete reference book is a consolidation of advances made in the use of the Nyström method for solving electromagnetic integral equations. It begins by introducing the fundamentals of the electromagnetic theory and computational electromagnetics, before proceeding to illustrate the advantages unique to the Nyström method through rigorous worked out examples and equations. Key topics include quadrature rules, singularity treatment techniques, applications to conducting and penetrable media, multiphysics electromagnetic problems, time-domain integral equations, inverse scattering problems and incorporation with multilevel fast multiple algorithm.* Systematically introduces the fundamental principles, equations, and advantages of the Nyström method for solving electromagnetic problems* Features the unique benefits of using the Nyström method through numerical comparisons with other numerical and analytical methods* Covers a broad range of application examples that will point the way for future researchThe Nystrom Method in Electromagnetics is ideal for graduate students, senior undergraduates, and researchers studying engineering electromagnetics, computational methods, and applied mathematics. Practicing engineers and other industry professionals working in engineering electromagnetics and engineering mathematics will also find it to be incredibly helpful.

Impedance Source Power Electronic Converters brings together state of the art knowledge and cutting edge techniques in various stages of research related to the ever more popular impedance source converters/inverters.

The advance of variable speed drives systems (VSDs) engineering highlights the need of specific technical guidance provision by electrical machines and drives manufacturers, so that such applications can be properly designed to present advantages in terms of both energy efficiency and expenditure.

The only recent book on dependability/fault-tolerance that covers both software and hardware aspects of dependability, Dependable Computing Design and Assessment addresses the new reality of dependability.

Written by an antenna engineer turned professor who has worked at Apple, Nokia, and Amphenol, this book provides engineers at all levels with hands-on guidance on antenna design. Focusing on mobile devices, it covers basic principles, real-world techniques, optimization, manufacturing, making antenna SAR and HAC compliant, and more.

PROVIDES STUDENTS WITH AN UNDERSTANDING OF THE MODELING AND PRACTICE IN POWER SYSTEM STABILITY ANALYSIS AND CONTROL DESIGN, AS WELL AS THE COMPUTATIONAL TOOLS USED BY COMMERCIAL VENDORS Bringing together wind, FACTS, HVDC, and several other modern elements, this book gives readers everything they need to know about power systems. It makes learning complex power system concepts, models, and dynamics simpler and more efficient while providing modern viewpoints of power system analysis. Power System Modeling, Computation, and Control provides students with a new and detailed analysis of voltage stability; a simple example illustrating the BCU method of transient stability analysis; and one of only a few derivations of the transient synchronous machine model. It offers a discussion on reactive power consumption of induction motors during start-up to illustrate the low-voltage phenomenon observed in urban load centers. Damping controller designs using power system stabilizer, HVDC systems, static var compensator, and thyristor-controlled series compensation are also examined. In addition, there are chapters covering flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS)--including both thyristor and voltage-sourced converter technology--and wind turbine generation and modeling. Simplifies the learning of complex power system concepts, models, and dynamics Provides chapters on power flow solution, voltage stability, simulation methods, transient stability, small signal stability, synchronous machine models (steady-state and dynamic models), excitation systems, and power system stabilizer design Includes advanced analysis of voltage stability, voltage recovery during motor starts, FACTS and their operation, damping control design using various control equipment, wind turbine models, and control Contains numerous examples, tables, figures of block diagrams, MATLAB plots, and problems involving real systems Written by experienced educators whose previous books and papers are used extensively by the international scientific community Power System Modeling, Computation, and Control is an ideal textbook for graduate students of the subject, as well as for power system engineers and control design professionals.

An authoritative work on Synthetic Aperture Radar system engineering, with key focus on high resolution imaging, moving target indication, and system engineering technologySynthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) is a powerful microwave remote sensing technique that is used to create high resolution two or three-dimensional representations of objects, such as landscapes, independent of weather conditions and sunlight illumination. SAR technology is a multidisciplinary field that involves microwave technology, antenna technology, signal processing, and image information processing. The use of SAR technology continues grow at a rapid pace in a variety of applications such as high-resolution wide-swath observation, multi-azimuth information acquisition, high-temporal information acquisition, 3-D terrain mapping, and image quality improvement. Design Technology of Synthetic Aperture Radar provides detailed coverage of the fundamental concepts, theories, technology, and design of SAR systems and sub-systems.Supported by the author's over two decades of research and practice experience in the field, this in-depth volume systematically describes SAR design and presents the latest research developments. Providing examination of all topics relevant to SAR--from radar and antenna system design to receiver technology and signal and image information processing--this comprehensive resource:* Provides wide-ranging, up-to-date examination of all major topics related to SAR science, systems, and software* Includes guidelines to conduct grounding system designs and analysis* Offers coverage of all SAR algorithm classes and detailed SAR algorithms suitable for enabling software implementations* Surveys SAR and computed imaging literature of the last sixty years* Emphasizes high resolution imaging, moving target indication, and system engineeringDesign Technology of Synthetic Aperture Radar is indispensable for graduate students majoring in SAR system design, microwave antenna, signal and information processing as well as engineers and technicians involved in SAR system techniques.

Explains the fundamentals and practical applications of flat and flexible OLEDs for displays and lighting Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) have emerged as the leading technology for the new display and lighting market.

Design, Control and Application of Modular Multilevel Converters for HVDC Transmission Systems is a comprehensive guide to semiconductor technologies applicable for MMC design, component sizing control, modulation, and application of the MMC technology for HVDC transmission.