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This book is about the Arduino microcontroller and the Arduino concept. The visionary Arduino team of Massimo Banzi, David Cuartielles, Tom Igoe, Gianluca Martino, and David Mellis launched a new innovation in microcontroller hardware in 2005, the concept of open-source hardware. Their approach was to openly share details of microcontroller-based hardware design platforms to stimulate the sharing of ideas and promote innovation. This concept has been popular in the software world for many years. In June 2019, Joel Claypool and I met to plan the fourth edition of Arduino Microcontroller Processing for Everyone! Our goal has been to provide an accessible book on the rapidly changing world of Arduino for a wide variety of audiences including students of the fine arts, middle and senior high school students, engineering design students, and practicing scientists and engineers. To make the book more accessible to better serve our readers, we decided to change our approach and provide a series of smaller volumes. Each volume is written to a specific audience. This book, Arduino I: Getting Started is written for those looking for a quick tutorial on the Arduino environment, platforms, interface techniques, and applications. Arduino II will explore advanced techniques, applications, and systems design. Arduino III will explore Arduino applications in the Internet of Things (IoT). Arduino I: Getting Started covers three different Arduino products: the Arduino UNO R3 equipped with the Microchip ATmega328, the Arduino Mega 2560 equipped with the Microchip ATmega2560, and the wearable Arduino LilyPad.

This book introduces a novel perspective on machine learning, offering distinct advantages over neural network-based techniques. This approach boasts a reduced hardware requirement, lower power consumption, and enhanced interpretability. The applications of this approach encompass high-speed classifications, including packet classification, network intrusion detection, and exotic particle detection in high-energy physics. Moreover, it finds utility in medical diagnosis scenarios characterized by small training sets and imbalanced data. The resulting rule generated by this method can be implemented either in software or hardware. In the case of hardware implementation, circuit design can employ look-up tables (memory), rather than threshold gates.The methodology described in this book involves extracting a set of rules from a training set, composed of categorical variable vectors and their corresponding classes. Unnecessary variables are eliminated, and the rules are simplified before being transformed into a sum-of-products (SOP) form. The resulting SOP exhibits the ability to generalize and predict outputs for new inputs. The effectiveness of this approach is demonstrated through numerous examples and experimental results using the University of California-Irvine (UCI) dataset.This book is primarily intended for graduate students and researchers in the fields of logic synthesis, machine learning, and data mining. It assumes a foundational understanding of logic synthesis, while familiarity with linear algebra and statistics would be beneficial for readers.

This book introduces readers to the physical design (layout) and design automation of Photonic Integrated Ciruicts (PICs) which is an essential building block of Electronic-Photonic Design Automation (EPDA). Proper PIC design automation and implementation of complex curvilinear shapes play a critical role in reliability, quality, and time-to-market of complex PIC products. The author starts by introducing some basic mathematical concepts used in implementation of photonic components, followed by a deep dive into implementation details of parameterized PIC components. The book introduces the industry-standard schematic driven layout flow and tries to simplify the concepts and implementations. The author conveys difficult concepts and advanced EPDA scripting/programming methodologies, using a simple language and coding examples.

This textbook provides readers with a comprehensive introduction to various noise sources that significantly reduce performance and reliability in nanometer-scale integrated circuits. The author covers different types of noise, such as crosstalk noise caused by signal switching of adjacent wires, power supply noise or IR voltage drop in the power line due to simultaneous buffer / gate switching events, substrate coupling noise, radiation-induced transients, thermally induced noise and noise due to process and environmental Coverages also includes the relationship between some of these noise sources, as well as compound effects, and modeling and mitigation of noise mechanisms.

This book gives a step-by-step introduction to designing and building your own robots.  As with other books in the Arduino series, the book begins with a quick overview of the Arduino Integrated Development Environment (IDE) used to write sketches, and the hardware systems aboard the Arduino UNO R3 and the Mega 2560 Rev 3.  The level of the text makes it accessible for students, hobbyist and professionals' first introduction to both Arduino and Robotics.  This book will be accessible by all levels of students, advanced hobbyists and engineering professionals, whether using as a self-reference or within a structure design laboratory. The text then examines the many concepts and characteristics common to all robots.  In addition, throughout the book , reasonably priced, easily accessible and available off-the-shelf robots are examined. Examples include wheeled robots, tracked robots and also a robotic arm.  After a thorough and easy to follow  Arduino IDE and hardware introduction, the book launches into "e;do it yourself"e; or DIY concepts.  A unique feature of the book is to start with a hands-on introduction to low cost 3D printing.  These concepts will allow you to design and print your own custom robot parts and chassis.  We then explore concepts to sense a robot's environment, move the robot about and provide a portable power source.  We conclude with a several DIY robot projects.

This book is an introduction to the wide and varied world of 3D printing-an incredible technology used across an ever-growing list of industries. As 3D printing continues to skyrocket in popularity, it's increasingly important to understand how these machines work and how to apply 3D printing technology to personal and professional interests. More important still, this book highlights how surprisingly easy 3D printers can be to use, even for readers who don't consider themselves particularly tech-savvy.This book provides a comprehensive overview of 3D printing for first-time users. The text introduces some of the most popular types of 3D printing technology available, as well as some of the most exciting and compelling applications across industry today. The content dives deeply into one of the most popular and widely accessible 3D print technology on the market: fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printing. The reader will learn basic FDM 3D printer anatomy, software settings, as well as the tips and tricks to master your own FDM 3D printer. The book provides a firm understanding of what FDM 3D printing excels at, its current limitations, and how to troubleshoot and overcome some of the most common 3D printing problems. The book then provides some 'STEAM-building' cross-disciplinary challenges and applications for the reader to complete at home.This book is for novice readers who might be early in their 3D printing journey. For those looking to learn more about introductory 3D printing and curious about how to get started, this is an excellent place to start. By the end of the book, the reader should have all the understanding and tools necessary to start 3D printing with confidence.

This book provides readers with an overview of the fundamental definitions and features of Multiple-Valued Logic (MVL). The authors include a brief discussion of the historical development of MVL technologies, while the main goal of the book is to present a comprehensive review of different technologies that are being explored to implement multiple-valued or beyond-binary memory circuits and systems. The discussion includes the basic features, prospects, and challenges of each technology, while highlighting the significant works done on different branches of MVL memory architecture, such as sequential circuits, random access memory, Flash memory, etc.

This book is about the Arduino microcontroller and the Arduino concept. The visionary Arduino team of Massimo Banzi, David Cuartielles, Tom Igoe, Gianluca Martino, and David Mellis launched a new innovation in microcontroller hardware in 2005, the concept of open-source hardware. Their approach was to openly share details of microcontroller-based hardware design platforms to stimulate the sharing of ideas and promote innovation. This concept has been popular in the software world for many years. In June 2019, Joel Claypool and I met to plan the fourth edition of Arduino Microcontroller Processing for Everyone! Our goal has been to provide an accessible book on the rapidly evolving world of Arduino for a wide variety of audiences including students of the fine arts, middle and senior high school students, engineering design students, and practicing scientists and engineers. To make the book even more accessible to better serve our readers, we decided to change our approach and provide a series of smaller volumes. Each volume is written to a specific audience. This book, Arduino III: Internet of Things, explores Arduino applications in the fascinating and rapidly evolving world of the Internet of Things. Arduino I: Getting Started provides an introduction to the Arduino concept. Arduino II: Systems, is a detailed treatment of the ATmega328 processor and an introduction to C programming and microcontroller-based systems design.

This book is about the Arduino microcontroller and the Arduino concept. The visionary Arduino team of Massimo Banzi, David Cuartielles, Tom Igoe, Gianluca Martino, and David Mellis launched a new innovation in microcontroller hardware in 2005, the concept of open-source hardware. Their approach was to openly share details of microcontroller-based hardware design platforms to stimulate the sharing of ideas and promote innovation. This concept has been popular in the software world for many years. In June 2019, Joel Claypool and I met to plan the fourth edition of Arduino Microcontroller Processing for Everyone! Our goal has been to provide an accessible book on the rapidly evolving world of Arduino for a wide variety of audiences including students of the fine arts, middle and senior high school students, engineering design students, and practicing scientists and engineers. To make the book even more accessible to better serve our readers, we decided to change our approach and provide a series of smaller volumes. Each volume is written to a specific audience. This book, Arduino II: Systems, is a detailed treatment of the ATmega328 processor and an introduction to C programming and microcontroller-based systems design. Arduino I: Getting Started provides an introduction to the Arduino concept. Arduino III: the Internet of Things explores Arduino applications in the Internet of Things (IoT).

A microcontroller is a compact, integrated circuit designed to govern a specific operation in an embedded system. A typical microcontroller includes a processor, memory, and input/output (I/O) peripherals on a single chip. When they first became available, microcontrollers solely used Assembly language. Today, the C programming language (and some other high-level languages) can be used as well. Some of advanced microcontrollers support another programming technique as well: Graphical programming. In graphical programming, the user does not write any code but draws the block diagram of the system he wants. Then a software converts the drawn block diagram into a suitable code for the target device. Programming microcontrollers using graphical programming is quite easier than programming in C or Assembly. You can implement a complex system within hours with graphical programming while its implementation in C may take months. These features make the graphical programming an important option for engineers. This book study the graphical programming of STM32F4 high-performance microcontrollers with the aid of Simulink\textregistered\ and Waijung blockset. Students of engineering (for instance, electrical, biomedical, mechatronics and robotic to name a few), engineers who work in industry, and anyone who want to learn the graphical programming of STM32F4 can benefit from this book. Prerequisite for this book is the basic knowledge of MATLABi\textregistered/Simulink\textregistered.

Index generation functions are binary-input integer valued functions. They represent functions of content addressable memories (CAMs). Applications include: IP address tables; terminal controllers; URL lists; computer virus scanning circuits; memory patch circuits; list of English words; code converters; and pattern matching circuits. This book shows memory-based realization of index generation functions. It shows:1. methods to implement index generation functions by look-up table (LUT) cascades and index generation units (IGU),2. methods to reduce the number of variables using linear transformations, and3. methods to estimate the sizes of memories,with many illustrations, tables, examples, exercises, and their solutions.

This book provides a thorough introduction to the Texas Instruments MSP430(TM) microcontroller. The MSP430 is a 16-bit reduced instruction set (RISC) processor that features ultra-low power consumption and integrated digital and analog hardware. Variants of the MSP430 microcontroller have been in production since 1993. This provides for a host of MSP430 products including evaluation boards, compilers, software examples, and documentation. A thorough introduction to the MSP430 line of microcontrollers, programming techniques, and interface concepts are provided along with considerable tutorial information with many illustrated examples. Each chapter provides laboratory exercises to apply what has been presented in the chapter. The book is intended for an upper level undergraduate course in microcontrollers or mechatronics but may also be used as a reference for capstone design projects. Also, practicing engineers already familiar with another microcontroller, who require a quick tutorial on the microcontroller, will find this book very useful. This second edition introduces the MSP-EXP430FR5994 and the MSP430-EXP430FR2433 LaunchPads. Both LaunchPads are equipped with a variety of peripherals and Ferroelectric Random Access Memory (FRAM). FRAM is a nonvolatile, low-power memory with functionality similar to flash memory.

Modeling Digital Switching Circuits with Linear Algebra describes an approach for modeling digital information and circuitry that is an alternative to Boolean algebra. While the Boolean algebraic model has been wildly successful and is responsible for many advances in modern information technology, the approach described in this book offers new insight and different ways of solving problems. Modeling the bit as a vector instead of a scalar value in the set {0, 1} allows digital circuits to be characterized with transfer functions in the form of a linear transformation matrix. The use of transfer functions is ubiquitous in many areas of engineering and their rich background in linear systems theory and signal processing is easily applied to digital switching circuits with this model. The common tasks of circuit simulation and justification are specific examples of the application of the linear algebraic model and are described in detail. The advantages offered by the new model as compared to traditional methods are emphasized throughout the book. Furthermore, the new approach is easily generalized to other types of information processing circuits such as those based upon multiple-valued or quantum logic; thus providing a unifying mathematical framework common to each of these areas. Modeling Digital Switching Circuits with Linear Algebra provides a blend of theoretical concepts and practical issues involved in implementing the method for circuit design tasks. Data structures are described and are shown to not require any more resources for representing the underlying matrices and vectors than those currently used in modern electronic design automation (EDA) tools based on the Boolean model. Algorithms are described that perform simulation, justification, and other common EDA tasks in an efficient manner that are competitive with conventional design tools. The linear algebraic model can be used to implement common EDA tasks directly upon a structural netlist thus avoiding the intermediate step of transforming a circuit description into a representation of a set of switching functions as is commonly the case when conventional Boolean techniques are used. Implementation results are provided that empirically demonstrate the practicality of the linear algebraic model.

Noise abatement is the key problem of small-scaled circuit design. New computational paradigms are needed -- as these circuits shrink, they become very vulnerable to noise and soft errors. In this lecture, we present a probabilistic computation framework for improving the resiliency of logic gates and circuits under random conditions induced by voltage or current fluctuation. Among many probabilistic techniques for modeling such devices, only a few models satisfy the requirements of efficient hardware implementation -- specifically, Boltzman machines and Markov Random Field (MRF) models. These models have similar built-in noise-immunity characteristics based on feedback mechanisms. In probabilistic models, the values 0 and 1 of logic functions are replaced by degrees of beliefs that these values occur. An appropriate metric for degree of belief is probability. We discuss various approaches for noise-resilient logic gate design, and propose a novel design taxonomy based on implementation of the MRF model by a new type of binary decision diagram (BDD), called a cyclic BDD. In this approach, logic gates and circuits are designed using 2-to-1 bi-directional switches. Such circuits are often modeled using Shannon expansions with the corresponding graph-based implementation, BDDs. Simulation experiments are reported to show the noise immunity of the proposed structures. Audiences who may benefit from this lecture include graduate students taking classes on advanced computing device design, and academic and industrial researchers. Table of Contents: Introduction to probabilistic computation models / Nanoscale circuits and fluctuation problems / Estimators and Metrics / MRF Models of Logic Gates / Neuromorphic models / Noise-tolerance via error correcting / Conclusion and future work

Compared to binary switching functions, the multiple-valued functions (MV) offer more compact representations of the information content of signals modeled by logic functions and, therefore, their use fits very well in the general settings of data compression attempts and approaches. The first task in dealing with such signals is to provide mathematical methods for their representation in a way that will make their application in practice feasible. Representation of Multiple-Valued Logic Functions is aimed at providing an accessible introduction to these mathematical techniques that are necessary for application of related implementation methods and tools. This book presents in a uniform way different representations of multiple-valued logic functions, including functional expressions, spectral representations on finite Abelian groups, and their graphical counterparts (various related decision diagrams). Three-valued, or ternary functions, are traditionally used as the first extension from the binary case. They have a good feature that the ratio between the number of bits and the number of different values that can be encoded with the specified number of bits is favourable for ternary functions. Four-valued functions, also called quaternary functions, are particularly attractive, since in practical realization within today prevalent binary circuits environment, they may be easy coded by binary values and realized with two-stable state circuits. At the same time, there is much more considerable advent in design of four-valued logic circuits than for other $p$-valued functions. Therefore, this book is written using a hands-on approach such that after introducing the general and necessarily abstract background theory, the presentation is based on a large number of examples for ternary and quaternary functions that should provide an intuitive understanding of various representation methods and the interconnections among them. Table of Contents: Multiple-Valued Logic Functions / Functional Expressions for Multiple-Valued Functions / Spectral Representations of Multiple-Valued Functions / Decision Diagrams for Multiple-Valued Functions / Fast Calculation Algorithms

This book is concerned with circuit simulation using National Instruments Multisim. It focuses on the use and comprehension of the working techniques for electrical and electronic circuit simulation. The first chapters are devoted to basic circuit analysis. It starts by describing in detail how to perform a DC analysis using only resistors and independent and controlled sources. Then, it introduces capacitors and inductors to make a transient analysis. In the case of transient analysis, it is possible to have an initial condition either in the capacitor voltage or in the inductor current, or both. Fourier analysis is discussed in the context of transient analysis. Next, we make a treatment of AC analysis to simulate the frequency response of a circuit. Then, we introduce diodes, transistors, and circuits composed by them and perform DC, transient, and AC analyses. The book ends with simulation of digital circuits. A practical approach is followed through the chapters, using step-by-step examples to introduce new Multisim circuit elements, tools, analyses, and virtual instruments for measurement. The examples are clearly commented and illustrated. The different tools available on Multisim are used when appropriate so readers learn which analyses are available to them. This is part of the learning outcomes that should result after each set of end-of-chapter exercises is worked out. Table of Contents: Introduction to Circuit Simulation / Resistive Circuits / Time Domain Analysis -- Transient Analysis / Frequency Domain Analysis -- AC Analysis / Semiconductor Devices / Digital Circuits

This textbook provides practicing scientists and engineers an advanced treatment of the Atmel AVR microcontroller. This book is intended as a follow-on to a previously published book, titled Atmel AVR Microcontroller Primer: Programming and Interfacing. Some of the content from this earlier text is retained for completeness. This book will emphasize advanced programming and interfacing skills. We focus on system level design consisting of several interacting microcontroller subsystems. The first chapter discusses the system design process. Our approach is to provide the skills to quickly get up to speed to operate the internationally popular Atmel AVR microcontroller line by developing systems level design skills. We use the Atmel ATmega164 as a representative sample of the AVR line. The knowledge you gain on this microcontroller can be easily translated to every other microcontroller in the AVR line. In succeeding chapters, we cover the main subsystems aboard the microcontroller, providing a short theory section followed by a description of the related microcontroller subsystem with accompanying software for the subsystem. We then provide advanced examples exercising some of the features discussed. In all examples, we use the C programming language. The code provided can be readily adapted to the wide variety of compilers available for the Atmel AVR microcontroller line. We also include a chapter describing how to interface the microcontroller to a wide variety of input and output devices. The book concludes with several detailed system level design examples employing the Atmel AVR microcontroller. Table of Contents: Embedded Systems Design / Atmel AVR Architecture Overview / Serial Communication Subsystem / Analog to Digital Conversion (ADC) / Interrupt Subsystem / Timing Subsystem / Atmel AVR Operating Parameters and Interfacing / System Level Design

This textbook provides practicing scientists and engineers a primer on the Microchip AVR® microcontroller. The revised title of this book reflects the 2016 Microchip Technology acquisition of Atmel Corporation. In this third edition we highlight the popular ATmega164 microcontroller and other pin-for-pin controllers in the family with a complement of flash memory up to 128 KB. The third edition also provides an update on Atmel Studio, programming with a USB pod, the gcc compiler, the ImageCraft JumpStart C for AVR compiler, the Two-Wire Interface (TWI), and multiple examples at both the subsystem and system level. Our approach is to provide readers with the fundamental skills to quickly set up and operate with this internationally popular microcontroller. We cover the main subsystems aboard the ATmega164, providing a short theory section followed by a description of the related microcontroller subsystem with accompanying hardware and software to operate the subsystem. In all examples,we use the C programming language. We include a detailed chapter describing how to interface the microcontroller to a wide variety of input and output devices and conclude with several system level examples including a special effects light-emitting diode cube, autonomous robots, a multi-function weather station, and a motor speed control system.