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This thought-provoking book describes the ever-expanding "toolbox" of methods now available to reduce, refine, or replace animal usage in toxicity testing.

This book is ideal as a reference and guide to investigations in the biomedical, biochemical and pharmaceutical sciences at the graduate and post graduate level.

The aim of this book is to provide the scientific background to using the formation of chemical categories, or groups, of molecules to allow for read-across i.e. the prediction of toxicity from chemical structure.