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In the last 25 years, we have witnessed a revolution in the way that ecologists and evolutionary biologists approach their disciplines. This revolution has been fueled by the ability to dissect the genetic and molecular basis of variation that is partly the currency of these disci­ plines. Using modern molecular techniques, we have begun to restruc­ ture the spectrum of questions that can be addressed in studying the mechanisms and consequences of the ecology and evolution of living organisms. The molecular revolution has co me in waves, so to speak, with three particularly important developments. The first concerns the establish­ ment and widespread use of pro tein analysis. Microcomplement fixation and isozyme e1ectrophoresis were the techniques around which much of the genetic work in ecology and evolution were once based. The next wave started with the development of recombinant DNA technology and centered around the use of restriction fragment length polymor­ phisms (RFLPs) and sequencing of DNAs cloned in bacteria. This technology was the first to actually examine and accumulate genetic information at the nucleotide level. The most recent wave of technology that we are currently experiencing is based on our ability to amplify DNA sequences enzymatically via the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Several techniques re1ated to PCR have been developed and used extensively in ecological and evolutionary studies.

Carbonic anhydrase (CA) is a seemingly ubiquitous enzyme of profound physiological importance, which plays essential roles in respiration, acid-base homeostasis, bone resorption, calcification, photosynthesis, several biosynthetic pathways and a variety of processes involving ion, gas and fluid transfer.

Many arthropods use celestial (skylight) and terrestrial (magnetic) compass cues for orientation, and some of them were shown to develop, through experience, oriented behaviours based on a variety of innate, hard-wired orientation mechanisms.

I: Cadmium in the Environment.- Geochemistry of cadmium.- Evaluation of methods for the speciation of cadmium.- Cadmium in the atmosphere.- Cadmium in fresh and estuarine waters.- The distribution of cadmium in the sea.- Cadmium in sediments.- Removal of cadmium from wastewaters.- II: Bioaccumulation of Cadmium.- Cadmium in sludges used as fertilizer.- Bioaccumulation of cadmium in marine organisms.- Cadmium in freshwater ecosystems.- Cadmium contamination in agriculture and zootechnology.- Pathways and distribution of cadmium in grasslands.- Contamination and effects of cadmium in native plants.- III: Cadmium and Human Health.- Cadmium in foods and the diet.- Cadmium in human population.- Biological indicators of cadmium exposure and toxicity.- Human health effects of exposure to cadmium.- Cadmium, the environment and human health.